灯盏花成分专用型种源评价与鉴定

收集和鉴定了云南省和贵州省共46份灯盏花种质资源,筛选出适合生产不同药品的成分专用型种源,为专用型品种选育提供参考。利用HPLC测定了灯盏花种源10种活性成分含量,相关分析阐明各成分含量间的相关性,聚类分析对种质资源进行分类。结果表明：16份灯盏花种源灯盏乙素（scutellarin, SE）含量在2.5%以上,是培育灯盏花素专用型品种的优良材料,其中4份种源同时含有高含量（>1.0%）的双咖啡酰奎宁酸酯（dicaffeoylquinic acids, diCQAs）,是培育灯盏细辛专用型品种的优良材料;同时,筛选出8份总黄酮（total flavonoids, TFs）含量高于3.5%的种源,适合选育总黄酮专用品种。相关性分析表明,SE含量与diCQAs和TFs含量均显著正相关,是灯盏花品质育种的标志性成分。聚类分析将灯盏花种源分为三大类,除1个种源的SE含量和diCQAs含量接近（第Ⅲ类）外,其他种源SE均占总活性成分的60%以上,其中第Ⅰ类为高TFs型种源,TFs占到总活性成分的80%以上,diCQAs占总成分的15%以下;第Ⅱ类为高diCQAs型种源,diCQAs占总成分的16.9%~28.9%,TFs占到总活性成分的80%以下。该结果表明灯盏花种源活性成分组成存在多种类型,为专用型品种选育提供了可能,灯盏乙素含量可以作为专用型种源筛选的首要指标。     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

荒漠草原建群种及其枯落物的C、N、P生态化学计量特征

以希拉穆仁草原建群种羊草(Leymuschinensis)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora Griseb)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens nevski)及其枯落物为研究对象,通过测定其C、N、P质量分数,并计算生态化学计量比,分析建群种养分限制格局及养分再吸收规律。结果表明:①植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数均值分别为398.74、24.41、1.55 g/kg,枯落物的为362.53、14.79、1.17 g/kg,3种植物叶片的C、N、P质量分数与其枯落物的差异显著(P<0.05)。②植物在枯落之前会将养分转移,防止养分的流失,N、P的养分再吸收效率范围分别在13.51%~77.49%、2.65%~49.51%,N的回流率大于P,进而使其具备了较强的适应干旱环境的能力。③3种植物叶片的N/P、C/N、C/P变化范围分别在11.81~21.70、15.76~16.59、195.47~273.37,枯落物的变化范围分别在7.72~17.05、17.71~64.46、215.43~487.46,3种植物叶片与枯落物的N/P、C/P差异显著(P<0.05)。④植物叶片N/P均值为16.95,枯落物N/P均值为12.31,说明植物的生长主要受P的限制。研究结果可为荒漠草原提供草地管理指导。     

Repeated annual drought has minor long‐term influence on δ13C and alkane composition of plant and soil in model grassland and heathland ecosystems

As a result of global climate change the incidence of drought conditions in Europe is predicted to increase in the future, which also influences plant resistance. Lipids are important plant constituents that protect plants against drought stress and contribute to the intermediate stable carbon (C) pool in soil. However, the extent to which drought influences lipid cycling in the plant–soil system is unknown and, therefore, it remains questionable how the ecosystem recovers after drought. We focused on plant and soil samples from two different plant communities (temperate grassland and heathland) that had been exposed to 5 years of 4.5–6.0 weeks repeated annual drought. They were sampled one year after the last drought to check the recovery of the plant–soil system. Samples were analyzed for their bulk C, stable C and nitrogen (N) isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) and lipid composition. Contrary to our expectation, no strong influence of five years of repeated annual drought was observed for above‐ground biomass, roots and soils in the model ecosystems with respect to elemental (C and N concentrations, C : N ratio) bulk isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) composition and the total extractable lipid concentration. Thus, plants did not sustain a significant change in their C and lipid concentration as well as their composition after five years of repeated annual drought. This might be related to the comparatively short drought period related to the overall growth season and provides evidence for recovery of the C and lipid dynamics in temperate grassland and heathland model ecosystems exposed to annual drought.     

干旱区矿区不同立地类型土壤种子库特征

矿区的自然或人工植被恢复是维持生物多样性及生态系统稳定的重要途径。通过室外萌发法对金昌镍铜矿区7种不同立地生境土壤种子库的研究表明:该区域土壤中物种丰富度较高,包括16科47属,共56种植物,分别为:藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、马齿苋科(Portulacaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、十字花科(Cruciferae)、车前科(Plantaginaceae)、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、茄科(Solanaceae);植物组成以一年生草本植物占绝对优势(89.3%),多年生草本植物次之(7.54%),灌木种最少(2.59%)。土壤种子平均储量412粒·m~(-2),不同立地类型土壤种子库储量差异显著,与其他荒漠地区比较,土壤种子库储量偏低;土壤种子库物种Simpson多样性指数为:新尾矿周边自然植被区龙首矿自然植被区龙首矿开采废弃地供暖公司柽柳林地。     

泌乳期中国荷斯坦牛转化孕酮浓度的影响因素分析及其表型预测

【目的】本研究基于试验测定的中国荷斯坦牛血液和乳汁中的孕酮浓度表型，探究了影响中国荷斯坦牛体内孕酮分泌的环境因素、孕酮浓度的变化趋势、孕酮浓度与乳成分的关联程度以及血乳中孕酮浓度的预测方法。【方法】试验于2021年8月在北京、山东两个牧场采集不同胎次、泌乳阶段和妊娠状态的中国荷斯坦泌乳牛的奶样、尾根血样，测定孕酮浓度，最终获得402条乳汁孕酮浓度和298条血液孕酮浓度表型用于数据分析。对孕酮浓度进行数据转化使其近似服从正态分布后，采用固定效应模型探究胎次、泌乳阶段、妊娠状态、牧场等固定效应对奶牛孕酮表型的影响，运用R语言cor函数计算孕酮与各乳成分间的关联，并利用偏最小二乘法和个体及乳成分信息对孕酮浓度进行预测，以建立孕酮浓度表型高通量获取手段。【结果】妊娠状态对转化乳汁孕酮浓度存在极显著影响（P<0.01），胎次、场效应对转化乳汁孕酮浓度均有显著影响（P<0.05），而转化血液孕酮浓度只受到妊娠状态影响（P<0.01）；全乳固体、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、脂蛋比与转化乳血孕酮浓度均存在显著或极显著的正相关关系（r=0.14~0.37，P<0.05；P<0.01）；基于本试验数据，乳成分与个体信息对转化乳血孕酮浓度的预测准确性不高（R²=0.030~0.17），但如果增加血液或乳汁的转化孕酮浓度对乳汁或血液的转化孕酮浓度进行预测，预测效果则有大幅提升（R²=0.40）。【结论】影响泌乳期中国荷斯坦牛转化孕酮浓度的因素除妊娠状态外，可能还包括饲养条件与胎次。此外转化孕酮浓度与乳脂率、乳蛋白率等乳成分呈极显著相关。基于乳成分信息与转化孕酮的关系，获得了对中国荷斯坦牛乳血转化孕酮浓度预测的可用策略，为今后牧场的繁殖辅助管理、奶牛育种新性状研发以及孕酮浓度的高通量获取等提供了新思路。     

泗阳县玉米测土配方施肥试验

为明确测土配方技术在泗阳地区玉米生产过程中的实际效果，通过田间试验对玉米生育期、产量构成和效益等进行了对比分析。试验结果显示：采用14.8-9-8的肥料配比能显著提升玉米肥料利用率，提高产量和收益。相较常规施肥，测土配方施肥对玉米生育期影响较小，但玉米穗粒数和千粒重提升效果显著，分别提升了1.88%和3.89%；测土配方施肥的氮、磷、钾肥利用率和养分平均利用率分别为40.77%、28.02%、51.18%，相较常规施肥分别提升了11.55%、4.07%、21.46%，养分平均利用率提升了12.36%；测土配方施肥籽粒产量为9535.04kg/ha，相较常规施肥增产429.99kg，增产率为4.72%，纯收益每公顷提升1269.60元。     

马肠道微生物组成及影响因素的研究进展

马肠道微生物群对其营养消化及维持机体健康具有重要作用,肠道不同部位的微生物具有不同功能,易受到各种因素的影响。马肠道正常微生物群结构遭到破坏,可导致肠道微生物失衡和机体功能紊乱,进而引起多种疾病。介绍了马肠道不同部位的微生物群结构组成特征,阐述了影响马肠道微生物群变化的各类因素,以期为改善马肠道营养健康、开发马健康监测和疾病预防工具提供科学依据,也为马肠道微生物研究提供新的视角。     

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型土壤微观结构特征

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的研究,对认识该地区盐碱土的工程性质和对滨海盐碱地治理具有重要意义。该研究结合粒度分析(particle size distribution,PSD)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、压汞(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)方法,对3种不同土地利用类型盐碱土的微观结构进行定量分析,旨在揭示其微观特性,为黄河三角洲盐碱地治理提供微观理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下的土壤黏粒含量表现大小依次为农田、滩地、草地,而土壤孔隙度大小依次为草地、滩地、农田;农田、草地与滩地盐碱土矿物成分中,石英、方解石和钠长石等原生矿物占绝对优势,仅含少量黏土矿物,且农田黏土矿物含量远大于草地与滩地;草地与滩地盐碱土孔隙特征类似,两者在0.1≤孔隙直径<10μm范围内小孔隙与微孔隙占有绝对优势,而农田盐碱土以孔隙直径在<2μm范围内的微孔隙与超微孔隙为主。农田盐碱土由致密片状、扁平状结构与微裂隙构成,骨架颗粒间由黏土矿物胶结;草地盐碱土由紧密镶嵌的块状颗粒和架空孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结;滩地盐碱土由紧密堆积的粒状颗粒和粒间孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结。研究成果可提高对黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的认识,为滨海盐碱地的治理、利用和开发提供了微观尺度上的依据。     

Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve competitive ability of dill + common bean intercrops against weeds?

Competition for soil resources plays a key role in the crop yield of intercropping systems. There is a lack of knowledge on the main factors involved in competitive interactions between crops and weeds for nutrients uptake. Hence, the purpose of this work was to compare the effects of arbuscular mycorrhial fungi (Funneliformis mosseae) colonization in interspecific competitive relations and its effect on nutrients uptake and weed control in dill and common bean intercropping. Two field experiments were carried out with factorial arrangements based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2013–2014. The factors were cropping systems including a) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sole cropping (40 plants m⁻²), b) dill (Anethum graveolens L.) sole cropping at different densities (25, 50 and 75 plants m⁻²) and c) the additive intercropping of dill + common bean (25 + 40, 50 + 40 and 75 + 40 plants m⁻²). All these treatments were applied with (+AM) or without (-AM) arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization. In both cropping systems, inoculation with F. mosseae increased the P, K, Fe and Zn concentrations of dill plants by 40, 524, 57 and 1.0 μg kg⁻¹ DW, respectively. Intercropping increased Mn concentration in common bean (4.0 μg kg⁻¹ DW) and dill (3.0 μg kg⁻¹ DW), and also seed yields of both crops (198 g m⁻² and161 g m⁻², respectively). AM colonization improved seed yields of dill and common bean by 169 and 177 g m⁻² in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Moreover, AM application enhanced competitive ability of dill + common bean intercrops against weeds at different intercropping systems. Intercropping significantly changed weed density compared to sole cropping, as weed density was decreased in the dill + common bean intercropping. Diversity (H), Evenness (E) and richness of weed species of weeds for intercrops were higher than those for sole crops.